Artificial Intelligence
AI tools are non-legal entities that do not meet requirements for authorship and cannot be listed as author. Authors who use AI tools in any aspect of manuscript production such as text generation, data analysis, or image generation must state how AI was used and name the AI tools. Authors remain fully responsible for the content of their manuscript, including any element produced by AI. Disclosure of the use of AI is not necessary for basic grammar or reference tools.
For examples and more detailed guidance, see Resnik & Hosseini (2024) “Disclosing artificial intelligence use in scientific research and publication: When should disclosure be mandatory, optional, or unnecessary?” https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08989621.2025.2481949 (Table 1 provides a good summary).
Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest should be shared in a disclosure statement. This is to acknowledge any financial or non-financial interest that has arisen from the direct applications of your research. If there are no relevant competing interests to declare please state this within the article, for example: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare. Further guidance on what is a conflict of interest and how to disclose it can be found here.
Institutional Review
Research involving human subjects must include a statement about IRB approval. If IRB approval was not required, the reason must be clearly stated. IRB approval or waiver is also required for retrospective research and case series involving data from multiple patients.
Patient Consent
Authors must obtain patient consent for any case reports in which a patient or group of patients can be identified. Consent is not required for case reports that meet the requirements of HIPAA section 164.514(b)(2), the “Safe Harbor” method in which all 18 patient identifiers are removed. However, whenever possible, patient consent is strongly encouraged for all case reports. See a list of identifiers here or visit the U.S. Dept. of Human Health and Human Services website for more detailed information about patient identifiers. Our publisher, Taylor and Francis provides a form that can be used for consent to publish.
Third-Party Material
You must obtain permission to reuse any third-party material in your article, such as figures or tables from another person’s work. Seeking permission from the author and copyright holder is highly recommended when the author is not the copyright holder. For more details on requesting permissions, please refer to requesting permission to reproduce work(s) under copyright.
